How Adaptive Multi-Rate Codec (AMR) work in GSM ?

• Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) codec consists of a family of codecs (source and
  channel codecs with different trade-off bit-rates) operating in the GSM FR
  and HR channels modes
• The AMR system exploits the channel performance and robustness added by
  the coding rates by adapting the speech and channel coding rates according
  to the quality of the radio channel
• AMR adapts its error protection level (select its optimum channel mode and codec
  mode) to the local radio channel and traffic load conditions to deliver the best
  possible combination of speech quality and system capacity

• Codec mode adaptation for AMR is based on received channel quality
  estimation in both MS and BTS, followed by a decision on the most
  appropriate speech and channel codec mode to apply at a given time
• The basic AMR codec mode sets for MS and BTS are provided by BSC via layer 3
  signaling
• MS shall support all speech codec modes, although only a set of up to 4
  speech codec modes is used during a call
• GSM FR/EFR channel gross bit-rate is 22.8 kbit/s in GSM FR/EFR: 13 kbit/s
  speech coding and 9.8 kbit/channel coding (HR channel gross bit rate 11.4
  kbit/s) 
• For AMR case, different codecs use different bit rate to encode speech (source
  coding). The rest of the gross bit-rate is used for channel protection

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TCH Drop in GSM Network

When the call was terminated by network due to any reason not by the user(MS) it's called TCH(Traffic Channel) drop

1. Radio Link Time-Out

Every time a SACCH message can not be decoded the radio link time-out counter is decreased by 1. If the message can be decoded the counter is incremented by 2. However, the value can not exceed the initial value. The initial value is set by the parameter RLINKT for radio link time-out in the mobile station and by RLINKUP for timeout in the BSC. If the mobile moves out of coverage and no measurement reports are received in the BSC, there will be a radio link time-out and the message Channel Release (cause: abnormal release, unspecified) is sent to the mobile station and the SACCH is deactivated in the BTS. A Clear Request message is sent to the MSC. To be sure that the mobile has stopped transmitting, the BSC now waits RLINKT SACCH periods before the timeslot is released and a new call can be established on the channel.

2. Layer 2 Time-Out

If the BTS never get an acknowledge on a Layer 2 message after the time T200XN200, the BTS will send Error Indication (cause: T200 expired) to the BSC, which will send Channel Release (cause: abnormal release, timer expired) to the mobile station and a Clear Request to the MSC. The SACCH is deactivated and the BSC waits RLINKT SACCH periods before the timeslot is released and a new call can use the channel. This is only valid if the call is in steady state, i.e. not during handover or assignment.

3. Release Indication

When the BTS received a layer 2 DISC frame from the mobile it replies with a Layer 2 UA frame to the mobile station and a Release Indication to the BSC. The system does only react on Release Indication if it is received during a normal disconnection situation. If such a message is received unexpectedly this will usually cause radio link time-out or timer T200 expiration as the mobile station stops the transmitting of measurement reports. It is also possible that the release will be normal depending on when the Release Indication is received.

4. MSC Time-Out
Normal Release:

If the MSC never received a response on a message (e.g. Identity Request) and there is no radio link time-out or layer 2 time-out, the MSC will send a Clear Command to the BSC. The time-out is depending on the message. When receiving Clear Command, the BSC will send a Channel Release (cause: normal release) and then deactivates the SACCH.

Reject (only SDCCH):

If the MSC never receives a response on the first message after Establish Indication, the MSC will send a reject message. If the connection was a Location Update it will be a Location Update Reject (cause: network failure) and if the connection was a mobile originating call (CM Service Request) a CM Service Reject (cause: network failure) will be sent. The MSC will then send a Clear Command to the BSC and the call is cleared by Channel Release (cause: normal release).

5. Assignment to TCH

Before sending an Assignment Command from the BSC at TCH assignment, the following two criterion have to be fulfilled:

a. There must be a TCH channel available, i.e. no congestion
b. The locating algorithm must have received at least one valid measurement report.

If either of the criterion is not fulfilled, Assignment Command will not be sent and a Channel Release (cause: abnormal release, unspecified) will be sent to the mobile station and a Clear Request to the MSC.

TCH Drop reason (1)
The classification of TCH Drop Reasons are arranged in the order of priority:
1.ExcessiveTiming Advance
2.Low Signal Strength
3.Bad Quality
4.Sudden Loss of Connection
5.Other Reasons
Excessive Timing Advance

The TCH Drop counters due to Excessive Timing Advance will pegged when the during the time of disconnection, the last Timing Advance value recorded was higher than the TALIM Parameter. This drop reason is commonly apparent to isolated or island sites with a wide coverage area.

Action:
Check if the cell parameter TALIM is < "63" Solution:
Set TALIM to a value close to 63.
Tilt antenna/reduce antenna height/output power, etc. for co-channel cells.

TCH Drop Reasons (2)
Low Signal Strength on Down or Uplink or Both Links

The drops counters due to Low Signal Strength will be pegged when the Signal Strength during the last Measurement Report before the call dropped is below the LOWSSDL and/or LOWSSUL Thresholds. LOWSSDL and LOWSSUL are BSC Exchange Property parameters which is used only for statistics purposes and does not affect the behavior of calls. If both UL and DL Signal Strength are below the thresholds, only Drop due to Low SS BL will pegged. Normally a call is dropped at the border of large rural cell with insufficient coverage. Bad tunnel coverage cause many dropped calls as well as so called coverage holes. Bad indoor coverage will result in dropped calls. Building shadowing could be another reason.

Action:
Check coverage plots.
Check output power.
Check power balance and link budget.
Check if Omni site.
Check antenna configuration & type.
Check antenna installation.
Perform drive tests & site survey.
Check TRX/TS with high CONERRCNT.
Solution:
Add a repeater to increase coverage in for example a tunnel.
Change to a better antenna (with higher gain) for the base station.
Add a new base station if there are large coverage holes.
Block/Deblock TRX
TCH Drop Reasons (3)
Poor Quality on Down or Uplink or Both Links

The drops counters due to Bad Quality will be pegged when the Signal Strength during the last Measurement Report before the call dropped is above the BADQDL and/or BADQUL Thresholds. BADQDL and BADQUL (expressed in DTQU) are BSC Exchange Property parameters which is used only for statistics purposes and does not affect the behavior of calls. If both UL and DL Quality are above the thresholds, only Drop due to BAD Quality BL will pegged.

Problem on Bad Quality is usually associated with Co-channel Interference on BCCH or TCH. Faulty MAIO assignment can cause frequency collisions on co-sited cells especially on 1x1 Reuse. External interference is also one possible cause of problem on quality.

Action:
Check C/I and C/A plots.
Check Frequency Plan (Co-BCCH or Co-BSIC Problem).
Check MAIO, HOP, HSN parameters.
Check FHOP if correctly configured (BB or SY).
Check for External Interference.
Perform drive tests.
Solution:
Change BCCH frequency.
Change BSIC.
Change MAIO, HOP, HSN.
Change FHOP.
Record RIR or on-site Frequency Scanning to identify source of interference.
Use available radio features.
TCH Drop Reasons (4)
Sudden Loss of Connection

Drops due to Sudden Loss are drops that have not been registered as low signal strength, excessive timing advance, bad quality or hardware (other) reasons, and the locating procedure indicates missing measurement results from the MS.

There are some common scenarios that could lead to Sudden Loss of connections such as very sudden and severe drops in signal strength, such as when subscribers enter into buildings, elevators, parking garages, etc., very sudden and severe occurrence of interference, MS runs out of battery during conversation, Handover Lost, BTS HW faults, Synchronization or A-bis link fault (transmission faults), and

MS Faults.
Action:
Check BTS Error Logs, Alarms and Fault Codes.
Check CONERRCNT per TRX and TS.
Check Transmission Link (A-bis).
Check for DIP Slips.
Check LAPD Congestion.
Correlate Handover Lost to Drops due to Sudden Loss
Solution:
Fix Hardware Faults and Alarms.
Reset TRX with high CONERRCNT.
Ensure that Synchronization and A-bis Link are stable.
Change RBLT with high DIP Slips.
Change CONFACT or increase Transmission Capacity
Investigate HO Lost Problem
TCH Drop Reasons (5)
TCH Drops due to Other Reasons
TCH drops due to Other Reasons are computed by subtracting the sum of drops due to Excessive TA, Low SS, Bad Quality and Sudden Loss from the Total TCH Drop Counts. Drops due to Other Reasons are generally associated with hardware problems, transmission link problems on A-bis, Ater or Ainterfaces, and sometimes Handover Lost.
Action:
Check BTS Error Logs.
Check Alarms and Fault Codes.
Check CONERRCNT per TRX and TS.
Check Transmission Link (A-bis).
Check for DIP Slips.
Correlate Handover Lost to Drops due to Other Reasons
Solution:
Fix Hardware Faults and Alarms.
Reset TRX with high CONERRCNT.
Ensure that Synchronization and A-bis Link are stable.
Change RBLT with high DIP Slips.
Investigate HO Lost Problem


Problem reason of drop in SDCCH

Low Signal Strength on Down or Uplink
The reason for poor coverage could be too few sites, wrong output power, shadowing, no indoor coverage or network equipment failure.Action: Check coverage plots.Check output power. Perform drive tests. Check BTS error logSolution: Add new sites. Increase output power. Repair faulty equipment.
Poor Quality on Down or Uplink
Action: Check C/I and C/A plots. Check frequency plan. Perform drive tests.Solution: Change frequency. Use available radio features.
Too High Timing Advance
Action: Check if the cell parameter TALIM is < style="font-weight: bold;">Solution: Set TALIM to a value close to 63. Tilt antenna/reduce antenna height/output power, etc. for cochannel cells.
Mobile Error
Some old mobiles may cause dropped calls if certain radio network features are used. Another reason is that the MS is damaged and not working properly.Action: Check MS fleet.Solution: Inform operator.

Subscriber Behavior
Poorly educated subscribers could use their handsets incorrectly by not raising antennas, choosing illadvised locations to attempt calls, etc.Action: Check customer complaints and their MS.
Battery Flaw
When a subscriber runs out of battery during a conversation, the call will be registered as dropped call due to low signal strength or others.Action: Check if MS power regulation is used. Check if DTX uplink is used.
Congestion on TCH
The SDCCH is dropped when congestion on TCH.Action: Check TCH congestionSolution: Increase capacity on TCH or using features like Assignment to another cell, Cell Load Sharing, HCS, Dynamic Half-Rate Allocation and FR-HR Mode Adaptation etc

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Urgent Opening for Radio communications in an MNC in OMAN

Manpower require for Sultanate of Oman.
Min 5 years experience , diploma in RADIO COMMUNICATIONS , HF , VHF radio,
Maintenance of high power broadcast transmitters MW , FM etc ,
Job Type: PERMANANT
Please send your updated resume mention your present CTC, expected CTC and Passport details in your mail.
If interested please send resume at hr13aditya@gmail.com and also mention the position applied for.
If any of your friends or relatives are interested, they can also send their resumes for overseas opening.
In case of any further information please contact at the below mentioned contact details.

Thanks & Regards
Anita C.
Aditya Internationals
16, Sai Chambers, Plot No. 44, Sector 11, CBD Belapur, Navi Mumbai-400703

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Microwave-Link-Design ppt

Link : Microwave-Link-Design ppt

This ppt describes the Microwave Link design basics for Transmission Engineers.

Microwave Link Networks

A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the earth. They are crucial to many forms of communication and impact a broad range of industries. Broadcasters use microwave links to send programs from the studio to the transmitter location, which might be miles away. Microwave links carry cellular telephone calls between cell sites. Wireless Internet service providers use microwave links to provide their clients with high-speed Internet access without the need for cable connections. Telephone companies transmit calls between switching centers over microwave links, although fairly recently they have been largely supplanted by fiber-optic cables. Companies and government agencies use them to provide communications networks between nearby facilities within an organization, such as a company with several buildings within a city.
One of the reasons microwave links are so adaptable is that they are broadband. That means they can move large amounts of information at high speeds. Another important quality of microwave links is that they require no equipment or facilities between the two terminal points, so installing a microwave link is often faster and less costly than a cable connection. Finally, they can be used almost anywhere, as long as the distance to be spanned is within the operating range of the equipment and there is clear path (that is, no solid obstacles) between the locations. Microwaves are also able to penetrate rain, fog, and snow, which means bad weather doesn’t disrupt transmission.

 A simplified rendering of a microwave link. A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on the earth.
A simple one-way microwave link includes four major elements: a transmitter, a receiver, transmission lines, and antennas. These basic components exist in every radio communications system, including cellular telephones, two-way radios, wireless networks, and commercial broadcasting. But the technology used in microwave links differs markedly from that used at the lower frequencies (longer wavelengths) in the radio spectrum. Techniques and components that work well at low frequencies are not useable at the higher frequencies (shorter wavelengths) used in microwave links. For example, ordinary wires and cables function poorly as conductors of microwave signals. On the other hand, microwave frequencies allow engineers to take advantage of certain principles that are impractical to apply at lower frequencies. One example is the use of a parabolic or “dish” antenna to focus a microwave radio beam. Such antennas can be designed to operate at much lower frequencies, but they would be too large to be economical for most purposes.
In a microwave link the transmitter produces a microwave signal that carries the information to be communicated. That information—the input—can be anything capable of being sent by electronic means, such as a telephone call, television or radio programs, text, moving or still images, web pages, or a combination of those media.
The transmitter has two fundamental jobs: generating microwave energy at the required frequency and power level, and modulating it with the input signal so that it conveys meaningful information. Modulation is accomplished by varying some characteristic of the energy in response to the transmitter’s input. Flashing a light to transmit a message in Morse Code is an example of modulation. The differing lengths of the flashes (the dots and dashes), and the intervals of darkness between them, convey the information—in this case a text message.
The second integral part of a microwave link is a transmission line. This line carries the signal from the transmitter to the antenna and, at the receiving end of the link, from the antenna to the receiver. In electrical engineering, a transmission line is anything that conducts current from one point to another. Lamp cord, power lines, telephone wires and speaker cable are common transmission lines. But at microwave frequencies, those media excessively weaken the signal. In their place, engineers use coaxial cables and, especially, hollow pipes called waveguides.
The third part of the microwave system is the antennas. On the transmitting end, the antenna emits the microwave signal from the transmission line into free space. “Free space” is the electrical engineer’s term for the emptiness or void between the transmitting and receiving antennas. It is not the same thing as “the atmosphere,” because air is not necessary for any type of radio transmission (which is why radio works in the vacuum of outer space). At the receiver site, an antenna pointed toward the transmitting station collects the signal energy and feeds it into the transmission line for processing by the receiver.
Antennas used in microwave links are highly directional, which means they tightly focus the transmitted energy, and receive energy mainly from one specific direction. This contrasts with antennas used in many other communications systems, such as broadcasting. By directing the transmitter’s energy where it's needed—toward the receiver—and by concentrating the received signal, this characteristic of microwave antennas allows communication over long distances using small amounts of power.
Between the link’s antennas lies another vital element of the microwave link—the path taken by the signal through the earth’s atmosphere. A clear path is critical to the microwave link’s success. Since microwaves travel in essentially straight lines, man-made obstacles (including possible future construction) that might block the signal must either be overcome by tall antenna structures or avoided altogether. Natural obstacles also exist. Flat terrain can create undesirable reflections, precipitation can absorb or scatter some of the microwave energy, and the emergence of foliage in the spring can weaken a marginally strong signal, which had been adequate when the trees were bare in the winter. Engineers must take all the existing and potential problems into account when designing a microwave link.
At the end of the link is the final component, the receiver. Here, information from the microwave signal is extracted and made available in its original form. To accomplish this, the receiver must demodulate the signal to separate the information from the microwave energy that carries it. The receiver must be capable of detecting very small amounts of microwave energy, because the signal loses much of its strength on its journey.
This entire process takes place at close to the speed of light, so transmission is virtually instantaneous even across long distances. With all of their advantages, microwave links are certain to be important building blocks of the world’s communications infrastructure for years to come.

1+1 Protected Microwave Radio Link Block Diagram

Link Block Diagram

This diagram is from an NEC 500 series microwave link system (circa 1983) and shows one path. The "return direction" block is the reverse of that detailed in the main diagram.

Regulatory and Licensing

Each country has a varying requirement for the licensing of microwave radio links. In most cases this license only addresses the transmitter, but in the same instance, it offers regulatory protection to any inteference that may affect the microwave receiver.
License costs are usually linked with the size of the spectrum occupied by the transmitter signal - and are often directly influenced by some of the spectrum lease costs realized by the local regulator, eg FCC, ACMA, PTT's etc.
A safety aspect of microwave radio EMR radiation is also defined by standards and guidelines, and often human exposure 'exclusion' zones exist around the front of microwave dish antennas, horns and dielectric antennas. Personnel safety must also be considered around open waveguide ends and waveguide switches with unterminated ports. Refer to other material at the GHN on EMR Safety.

Frequency Planning

Sample extract of micrwave band frequency planning

In the older FDM microwave radio link systems, only a single pair of frequencies were allocate to the whole link network, with an alternating polarisation isolation arrangement from more distant stations in the network. This meant that at a single microwave repeater station, the link transmitters operate on the same frequency, but with antennas pointed in different directions, and with opposite antenna polarisation.

Link Planning

The design and construction of a microwave radio link network is based on a numner of factors. These include:

• Distance between microwave radio terminals
• Terrain properties, eg bodies of water, cliffs, forests, snow
• Frequency of operation, often governed by licensing costs, frequency availability, planned distances and even suspectibility to rain fading.
• Fading, dispersion and multipath distortion.
• Size of antennas, feedline properties, need for towers and masts.
• Council and community development permissions governing visual intrusions.
• Cost of equipment and cost benefit analysis including equipment maintenance.

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Free Web Tutorial on Future 4g & Gigabit Radio Systems

Through collaboration between Artech House publishers and the IEEE Communications Society, a free web tutorial has been made available to wireless engineers.
The tutorial will address a number of autonomous and intelligent techniques which can be applied to emerging high bandwidth systems to realize spectrum and network efficiency. It will address smart and effective design, including embedding intelligence and adaptivity features in radios, while maintaining a friendly user interface.

In order to achieve real 4G targets, further concentration will be on multi-antenna techniques, cognitive radios, advanced spectrum management, and cognitive radio techniques will be discussed.
The tutorial will be presented by Dr. Nicola Marchetti and Dr. Muhammad Imadur Rahman. The program includes several hours of instruction in three presentations. The tutorial may be accessed at http://ww2.comsoc.org/form/tutorial-registration-FutureGigabitSystems
LBA provides a range of services for wireless carriers. These include RF hazard compliance, intermodulation & interference resolution, AM detuning, and AM colocation. LBA also provides advanced RF test equipment.

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Microwave Radio Applications Trends & Solutions

Microwave Radio Applications Trends & Solutions pdf

Presentation on Microwave Radios ,Theory of propagation  and Solutions

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Planning of line-of-sight radio relay systems

Planning of line-of-sight radio relay systems pdf

This book describes planning and engineering of line-of-sight radio relay networks. This is the second edition of a textbook on the planning issues prepared by the propagation group . Planning of line-of-sight
(LOS) radio relay systems will be described in general. The main objective for system planning is to ensure that the radio relay system will meet the given performance and availability requirements

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Testing Synchronization in UMTS Networks

Testing Synchronization in UMTS Networks pdf

We know from experience that correct synchronization of network nodes is essential for Quality
of Service. The quality of the carrier frequency of the radio interface is critical, in order for us to
guarantee a low level of interference between adjacent cells. Furthermore, when a radio
interface is based on TDD, it is vital that all the different Nodes B are synchronized
together.Another service that will undoubtedly require high-quality synchronization is Location.

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A Simulation Tool for Dimensioning and Performance Evaluation of the UMTS

A Simulation Tool for Dimensioning and Performance Evaluation of the UMTS pdf

The efficient support of multiple traffic classes with different quality
of service requirements (end-to-end delay, jitter, loss) poses an extraordinary
complexity in the design of third-generation mobile networks. This task becomes
especially critical for the access network, where radio and transmission
resources are usually scarce. In this paper we present a simulation model of the
ATM-based UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) terrestrial
radio access network. The simulator aims to provide a test bed for conducting
further research studies on several topics of potential interest. In particular, we
intend to use the tool for dimensioning ATM links, for evaluating performance
under different mixes of traffic classes, and for investigating quality of service
mechanisms. This wide range of applications has led us to develop a very flexible
simulation model that captures many low level details. Some preliminary
results obtained with the simulator are presented in order to illustrate its capabilities.

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Generic CDMA Principles and Techniques

Generic CDMA Principles and Techniques pdf

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
In this case, a radio channel supports a number of simultaneous users who are
separated only by digital coding of their signals, such that the coding of each user’s
signal is as different as possible to every other user’s code. Careful decoding at the
receiver can then separate users. An analogy can be drawn by considering a crowded
restaurant. If many diners are speaking simultaneously, the human ear can “tune” into
one voice by using the unique audio characteristics (“coding”) of the voice. This is
possible if no diner is speaking very loudly or softly, i.e. all are speaking with similar
volume. The listener’s decoding task is made even easier if the speaker of interest
uses a language (e.g. French) different from all others (e.g. English). This is equivalent
in CDMA to a user being given a code very different from all others. CDMA appear to
offer better spectral efficiency than FDM/TDMA – perhaps 4 or 5 times better. Other
benefits will discussed later.

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PROPAGATION ISSUES IN DIGITAL MICROWAVE RADIO LINK ENGINEERING

PROPAGATION ISSUES IN DIGITAL MICROWAVE RADIO LINK ENGINEERING PDF

This Course covers the main topics in Radio Propagation, with application to the
Engineering of Digital Radio-Relay Links. The aim is to provide the radio engineer
with the basic knowledge and understanding of radio propagation phenomena and
their impact on the operation and performance of digital radio systems.

The Course makes reference to fundamentals in Radio Propagation Physics (without
need of complex mathematical tools in Electromagnetics theory). From this, it derives the
basic concepts in Radio Link Engineering. A detailed presentation of procedures
and computer tools for the Engineering and Planning of Radio Systems is out of the
scope of this course.

The Course User is assumed to be familiar with elementary notions in Digital Radio
Modulations, Equipments, and Systems, as well as in Interference Analysis and
Planning and in Regulatory Issues. Some topics in the above areas are discussed, but
only in connection with propagation aspects.

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Field Measurements - Equipment -Engineering Guideline

EG17FieldMeas pdf

This guideline reviews the equipment required to test radio coverage in
GSM900/GSM1800. cells, and handover performance when moving between
them. Practical advice is offered on ensuring a vehicle installation that closely
mirrors the real-world conditions experienced by cellphone users.

Source:Internet

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Frequency Planning-Engineering Guideline

Frequency Planning pdf

This document explains how the limited number of available channel frequencies
can be allocated between cells, to provide the most effective radio coverage
throughout the network. The concept and practical application of frequency reuse
is discussed, together with the problems the network frequency plan must
overcome.

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Do you get angry a lot?

If you "fly off the handle" easily you may risk serious illness, so it's important to know how often you place yourself at risk. Everyone gets angry occasionally. But people who "fly off the handle" easily may be at risk for heart disease or other illnesses, so it's important to know how often you place yourself at risk. Men are at greater risk for these illnesses than women. Score 1 if the statement is never true for you, 2 if it's sometimes true, 3 if it's often true, and 4 if it's always true. SCORE STATEMENT It doesn't take much to get me mad. People tell me I should calm down. I blow up at terrible drivers. If I'm upset, I'll hit the dog or cat. People call me hotheaded. I'm furious about the way I get treated at restaurants or stores. Often other people's mistakes slow me down, it can upset me for the whole day. If things are bad enough, I'll throw things. I swear loudly to blow off steam. I feel like hitting someone who makes me very angry. I've been told I have a bad temper. If you embarrass me in front of someone, I'll be furious. I'm a very ambitious person, so sometimes I get impatient and angry with other people. I've been known to break things when I'm frustrated. TOTAL SCORE What Your Score Means If you score 18 or below, you have a high temper threshold, and are able to stay calm in situations which would frustrate many others. This helps you manage your stress levels. If you score 19-27, you get angry about as often as most people. To reduce your score, practice the hints below. If you score 28-35, you might be under too much stress, or getting angry may be a habit. Take this score seriously, and begin to make changes now, before it affects your health. If you score over 35, and you continue with your behaviors and attitudes, you risk serious stress-related disease. Work your way down the list below and take the test again. Repeat until your score is in the normal range. It may help to speak to a counselor about other ways to deal with your anger. Hints That Help You'll be happier and easier to live with if you try these hints every day: Say "I was wrong" to someone. Think about when and where you learned your reactions to anger. Spend 10 minutes sitting in a park or garden. Laugh at a joke, situation or yourself. Read something for pleasure. Avoid doing two things at once (such as eating and reading). Try to relax and gain perspective on your life.

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